What does yellow sclera indicate in a canine patient?

The presence of yellow sclera in a canine patient is indicative of icterus, also known as jaundice. This yellowing occurs due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood, a condition often associated with liver dysfunction or disease. When the liver is unable to properly process or excrete bilirubin, it builds up in the body, leading to the yellow discoloration of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.

In contrast to liver conditions, healthy liver function would not result in yellow sclera, as the liver effectively processes bilirubin. Poor hydration status can cause other signs, such as dry mucous membranes or skin elasticity issues, but would not typically manifest as yellowing of the sclera. Age-related changes in a dog usually do not involve scleral color change, as they would not cause elevations in bilirubin levels. Therefore, the yellow sclera clearly points to the presence of icterus or jaundice, highlighting underlying liver issues or hemolysis in the canine patient.