What aspect of the limbs must be palpated during an examination?

The correct response involves palpating all bones and manipulating all joints during a limb examination because a comprehensive assessment is needed to identify any abnormalities, tenderness, swelling, or pain that may not be evident upon visual inspection alone. A thorough physical examination includes evaluating each part of the limb – from the joints (such as shoulders, elbows, knees, and wrists) to the bones (like the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula) and soft tissues.

This approach ensures that any issues, such as fractures, dislocations, or joint diseases (like arthritis), are not overlooked. By palpating and manipulating all structures, the clinician can gather valuable information about the animal’s overall health and function. Focusing only on selected parts, such as the upper joints, digits, or pads, would limit the examination and potentially miss important diagnostic information regarding the condition of the limb as a whole. By embracing a complete palpation protocol, practitioners can provide better insights into the dog's musculoskeletal health, guiding appropriate treatment and management.